The Early History and Settlement of Guadalajara
Do you have ancestors who settled in Guadalajara in the 1530s or 1540s? Or do you have ancestors that lived in the region of the Cocas and Tecuexes long before there was a place the Spaniards named Guadalajara? Most likely, you have both. We will talk about the foundation and the early evolution of Guadalajara, which today is the second largest city in Mexico.
The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area
The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara) is the most populous metropolitan area of the Mexican state of Jalisco and the third largest in the country after Mexico City and Monterrey. It includes the core municipio of Guadalajara and the surrounding municipios of Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, and El Salto. In 2020, the entire metropolitan area had a population of 5,268,642, as shown in this map from Jalisco Movamos (2020):
The Indigenous Inhabitants of Guadalajara (2020)
According to the University of Guadalajara’s Diagnóstico de la Población Indígena en el Primer Anillo del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara (2023), there were only 4,150 Indigenous inhabitants of the Guadalajara Municipio, a very small portion of the 1,385,629 inhabitants of the municipio. Most of these people belonged to the Nahua, Mixteco and Purépecha cultures, the vast majority of them migrants from other states.
The Beginning of the Spanish Occupation
This part of Jalisco was pacified and occupied by the Spaniards in the 1530s and 1540s. During this time of transition, many Spaniards joined the fight to subdue the native population. Some of the Indigenous peoples resisted, while other submitted quickly to Spanish rule. In addition, native auxiliaries from Central Mexico joined the Spanish forces in subduing the region. The Spaniards who led the way in conquering Jalisco were later called “Los Conquistadores” [The Conquerors] and many of them retired to Guadalajara after decades in the service of the Spanish King.
The Original Indigenous Population
The historical geographer, Peter Gerhard (1920 – 2006) wrote about this area in his book The North Frontier of New Spain (1982). In the area that is now known as Guadalajara, Jalisco, there were two native political divisions: Tetlan in the east and Atlemaxaque in the west. Atlemaxaque had a subject community, Mezquitlan, which is now a suburb of Guadalajara. The entire area was known as Tonallan. Today, what used to be Tonallan is now called the City of Tonalá and is part of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area.
The Cocas and Tecuexes
According to Gerhard, the people in this area were Tecuexe-speaking farmers, with perhaps some Cocas. These are the native people that the Spaniards found living in Central Jalisco in the 1520s and 1530s. The following map from the American anthropologist, Carolyn Baus de Czitrom, reveals that the territories of both tribes ran through the heartland of present-day Jalisco and their ranges overlapped in the region of Guadalajara. The following map has been extracted from Carolyn Baus de Czitrom, Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la Region Jalisco en el Siglo XVI (1992).
The Territories of the Tecuexes (North) and the Cocas (South) in Central Jalisco
Looking At Ranges Instead of Boundaries
Professor José Ramírez Flores (1900-1983) – who wrote Lenguas Indígenas de Jalisco – has noted that many native tribes of Jalisco usually followed the course of rivers in seeking sustenance and frequently crossed the territories of other tribes. Most native groups did not form strong national identities (as the Spaniards and the Aztecs did) and their movements created mixtures of customs and linguistic dialects that confuse our attempts to classify and categorize them today.
The boundaries that are so normal to our modern society had little to no meaning to pre-Hispanic Jalisco. One way to view Jalisco’s indigenous populations is to see the Ramírez Flores map below which shows settlements in Central Jalisco where a primary language is spoken at each town. Flores did not use boundaries in his map of Jalisco. The territories of the indigenous people might be more aptly called ranges and they clearly overlapped with the ranges of other linguistic groups.
Map and Legend by José Ramírez Flores, “Lenguas Indígenas de Jalisco”
As noted in the map above and using the legend to guide us, we can see that some settlements north and east of Guadalajara spoke the Tecuexe language. To the south and west of Guadalajara, we see that the Coca language was spoken in most towns. To the northwest of Guadalajara, we see a cluster of towns where the language of the Tarascos [Purépecha] was spoken, but this was the result of migration of the Tarascans from Michoacán. In Tepatitlán, we can see that Guachichile was spoken. This was the southern extension of a tribal group that stretched to the far north into Coahuila, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosí and eastward into Guanajuato.
The Spaniards Arrive In Force (1530)
The army of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán came through the area of present-day Guadalajara in March and April of 1530 and subdued the Tecuexes in battle. The Spaniards estimated that there about a thousand dispersed Indian farmers living in the area at that time. Guzmán had been the Governor of the Province of Pánuco and was later the President of the first Royal Audiencia of Mexico. In 1529, Guzmán gathered a military force of about 300 to 400 conquistadors and at least 6,000 indigenous Nahua auxiliaries, and then set out from Mexico City to conquer lands and peoples in Michoacán, Jalisco, and other areas. He left behind a wasteland in some areas and some historians believe his abuses led to the Mixtón Rebellion in 1540 [in which the indigenous people tried to drive the Spaniards out of Jalisco]. However, Guzmán’s ruthlessness and corruption caught up with him. In 1537 he was charged with treason, jailed and sent back to Spain [where he had been born].
Guadalajara’s Deferred Start
Guadalajara was founded four times, first in Nochistlán (1531), then at Tonalá in 1533. The third establishment of Guadalajara took place in Tlacotlán in 1535, but the hostility of the local Indians pushed the Spaniards to make the final move to the present-day location in 1542. The conqueror Nuño Guzmán had commissioned Juan de Oñate to establish a town bearing the name of the place where he was born in Castilla (España, or Spain): Guadalajara.
Nearby Indigenous Towns
At the time of its establishment, the new Town of Guadalajara was flanked by the Indian towns of: Mezquitán to the north, Tetlán to the east, and San Juan de Mexicaltzingo (also known as Mexicalcingo) to the south. Mexicaltzingo had been founded by natives from the Valley of Mexico. These natives – mostly Mexica – had been brought to the area as auxiliaries of the Spanish troops by Viceroy Antonio Mendoza [who served as Viceroy from 1535 to 1550]. These Mexican Indians fought against the rebel natives in the Mixtón Rebellion [1540-1542].
The Founding of Guadalajara (1542)
When Guadalajara was founded in February 1542, sixty-two residents were registered as inhabitants, representing about 180 residents. Peter Gerhard also mentions that later on, “other Indians came to serve the Spaniards in their new city, as did Negro slaves. At mid-century [Circa 1550], there were 50 to 80 Spanish vecinos representing perhaps 300 people, an equal number of Negroes and mulattoes, and about 3,000 Indians, most of the latter living in the suburbs.”
Guadalajara In the Sixteenth Century
Guadalajara went through a period of stagnation during the rest of the century with “more enterprising Spaniards” going “north to the mines.” The Indigenous population also dwindled, suffering losses during a typhus plague in the 1570s. By the end of the Sixteenth Century, Gerhard tell us that the City of Guadalajara had 160 vecinos (about 700 Spanish people), more than a thousand slaves and free mulattoes, and no more than 600 Indians.
Why Do the Fundadores Interest Us?
The original Spanish settlers of Guadalajara interest people because some of the surnames they carried are still common in Central Jalisco and Northern Jalisco today.
For example, one of the earliest founders of Guadalajara was Pedro Bobadilla. Bobadilla is not a very common surname in Mexico, but since the 1540’s, the surname has spread from Guadalajara to many parts of the State of Jalisco, including Sayula, Zacoalco de Torres, Ahualulco de Mercado, and Colotlán. Most Jaliciences and Tapatíos with the surname Bobadilla are likely descended from the first settlers in Guadalajara.
Another founder of Guadalajara was Juan Michel, who came from Portugal. The Michel family has become well-known in Jalisco. Several books have been written about the Michel family, whose representatives lived in the region south and west of Guadalajara in Colonial Mexico. Recently, Sylvia Herenia Corona Cortés wrote “El Ayer Y El Hoy: De Dos Familias de Fundadores: Las Familias Corona y Michel” (Bloomington, Indiana: 2021). This book is the second volume in the “Michel Arboles Genealógicos” series.
Where Did The Spanish Fundadores Come From?
Nearly all of the Spanish Fundadores were born in Spain.
Why Did the Fundadores Come?
Most of them traveled with Viceroy Mendoza or with Nuño de Guzmán and played significant roles in the pacification of the local natives or of Nueva Galicia itself. Some of them arrived in the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez who came to Mexico to unsuccessfully arrest Hernán Cortés.
Established in 1548, the Spanish province of Nueva Galicia embraced 180,000 kilometers and included most of present-day Jalisco, Nayarit, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. However, the actual conquest of Nueva Galicia began in 1530 with the conquests of Nuño de Guzmán.
Nearly all of the early Spanish founders of Guadalajara were “retired conquistadores.” They had fought for the Crown and had retired to Guadalajara to raise their families. But many of them had also been encomenderos.
In effect, the "encomendero" was a deputy charged by the crown with responsibility for the support of the indigenous people and their moral and religious welfare. Instead of being a grant of land, the encomienda was a grant of people. Typically, an encomienda included an entire village, up to several hundred men, women, and children. Their Spanish masters could force them to mine gold, cultivate crops, or carry goods like beasts of burden. It was a system that became rife with corruption and, in some cases, led to misery and death for some of the subjects [the native people]. Many of the Spanish founders were encomenderos for a period of time, a grant that recognized their services in the conquest of the region.
Who Were the Spanish Founders of Guadalajara?
The following list of Spanish founders has been extracted from José María Muriá y Jaime Olveda, Generalidades Históricas Sobre La Fundación y Los Primeros Años de Guadalajara (1994). Additional information can also be found in some books about the Conquistadores. The following list is a synopsis, but more detailed information can be obtained from the original resource:
Antonio Aguilar y Saavedra, originally from Castilla. He arrived with Nuño de Guzmán and took part in the conquest of Nueva Galicia.
Juan de Alejos, originally from Villa de Alaejos, legitimate son of Alonso Monjarrás y de María Castejón. He arrived on the islands of Santo Domingo and Cuba in 1524 and later came to Mexico with Juan Ponce. He joined Pedro de Alvarado in the conquest of Guatemala. Later settled down and married in Guadalajara.
Diego Alvarez de Ovalle originally came from Extremadura.
Alonso Arrostegui originally came from Vizcaya.
Cristóbal de Barrios was born in Andalucia.
Pedro Bobadilla, the Conquistador of Jamaica from Extremadura, Spain, came to Nueva España, then Nueva Galicia, and was among the founders of Guadalajara. Of the first 63 founders of Guadalajara, Pedro was the first to die in the parish. Pedro’s son, Francisco Bobadilla, is also listed as an early resident of Guadalajara.
Andrés del Campo del Mendoza, originally from Logroño. He was the encomendero of the pueblos of Ocotic and Atotonilco.
Juan de Castañeda¸was a native of Villa Zebil, in the Valle de Toranzo, Cantabria, Español and the legitimate son of Juan González de Piedrahita and of María Castañeda. He arrived in Nueva España in 1527. He arrived in Jalisco while travelling with Nuño de Guzmán.
Antonio Castro was originally from the Villa de Rambla, as the legitimate son of Juan Jiménez and Catalina Ruy. He served in the pacification of Nueva Galicia.
Juan Céspedes was originally from Castilla. He arrived in Nueva España in 1527 as a lieutenant and took part in the expedition of Francisco Vásquez Coronado. He returned to Spain for some years but came back to Mexico with the Viceroy Luis de Velasco.
Berbén Diego de Colio was from Montañes. He was sometimes called Diego Berbén and was married to Catalina de la Torre, the widow of Juan Bernal, by whom he had three children.
Alonso Contreras (also known as Juan Contreras) was from Burgos. However, some sources state that he was from the Villa de Orgaz in Toledo. He arrived in Nueva España on the Narváez Expedition. He fought with Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) in 1519 and also took part in an expedition to Honduras in 1524. Then, in 1529, he took part in the conquest of Nueva Galicia under the command of Nuño de Guzmán, who awarded him the Town of Tamazula (Jalisco) for his services.
Pedro Cuadrado was born in the Villa de Palazuelo in the Archbishopric of Sigüenza, located northeast of Madrid in Central Spain. He was the legitimate son of Pedro Cuadrado and María Villaverde and one of the conquerors of Nueva Galicia.
Francisco Delgadillo was a native of Santo Domingo in Toledo. He was the legitimate son of Juan Delgadillo and Inés Vellosillas. He married Isabel de Avalos, with whom he had three children, including Luis Delgadillo. He was still alive as late as 1550.
Juan Delgadillo was a native of Sevilla and the legitimate son of Francisco Morón and María Sánchez. He served as an interpreter in the conquest of Nueva Galicia. When the City of Guadalajara was founded, Delgado was married and had three children.
Cristóbal Estrada was from Castilla.
Hernando Flores was originally from Salamanca. The son of Pedro Fuentes and Catalina Flores, he took part in the conquest of Nueva Galicia with Nuño de Guzmán as a lieutenant. Flores married the daughter of the Diego Pérez de la Torre, the first ruler of New Galicia. Flores was an encomendero of Juchipila (Zacatecas), where to this day there are many families descended from him.
Bartolomé García was a native of the Villa de Montanches (Santiago). Today, Montánchez is a municipio located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, located in the west central part of Spain. He was the legitimate son of Juan García Fleyro and Maria Jiménez. He was one of the first conquistadors of Nueva Galicia and was believed to have been an encomendero of Mezcala (Jalisco).
Diego García was one of the first settlers of Mexico City where he is mentioned as an owner of land in 1525. Later he lived in Mexico City barrio of Coyoacán. He married Inés Hernández and had two sons. He established a family called Garcíadiego which has been a common surname in Guadalajara for several centuries.
Juan González de Arenas was from Asturias in northwestern Spain. He was the legitimate son of Gutierre Alvarez and María González and arrived in Nueva España in 1535.
Juan González was from Castilla, according to Mota Padilla. He has been confused with other persons with the same name who also took part in the early conquests of Mexico.
Diego Hernández was from Andalucía in the south of Spain. Mota Padilla gave him the double surname of Hernández Odrero and praises him for his behavior in the Mixtón War (1540-1542). He was married to the daughter of Francisco López, one of the discoverers and conquerors of Tabasco.
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was from Madrid. Mota Padilla mistakenly called him Diego Hernández de Mendoza. He was head of one of the ships that Cortés enlisted in Acapulco for the California expedition in 1532. For his services in the conquest of Nueva Galicia, Hurtado de Mendoza received the encomienda of Cuspatlán, where he bought 60 Indians with his money. He married daughter of one of the first conquerors of the island of Hispañola [now Haiti and the Dominican Republic].
Miguel Ibarra was from Vizcaya. He was one of the most distinguished captains in the conquest of New Galicia and was a first cousin to Francisco de Ibarra and Diego de Ibarra (one of the founders of Zacatecas]. Miguel was the founder of San Miguel de Culiacán and the first mayor of Guadalajara when it was based in Nochistlán. Together with Juan del Camino, he chose the place where the current city of Guadalajara was founded, of which he was named first councilor in 1542. He distinguished himself in the Mixtón War. He was an encomendero of Nochistlán.
Alonso Lorenzo was born in the Villa de San Martín Trebejo in Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. He was the legitimate son of Alonso Lorenzo and of Marina Sánchez. He arrived in Nueva España in 1519 and took part in the conquest of Nueva Galicia with Nuño de Guzmán. In the 1530s. he took part in the Cortés expedition to Baja California.
Juan Macháin de la Cuadra came from Vizcaya.
Cristóbal Maldonado originally came from Burguillos in the province of Sevilla, Andalucía. He was the legitimate son of Ruy López Maldonado and of Leonor Rodríguez. He arrived in Nueva España in 1528 at about the time that Nuño de Guzmán conquered Nueva Galicia. He accompanied Francisco Vásquez de Coronado on his 1540 expedition to find the Seven Cities of Cibola in the area of New Mexico.
Hernando Martín was from Andalucía. He was one of the first blacksmiths to forge iron in New Spain. He was involved in many aspects of the conquest of Mexico.
Alonso Martín de Rivera was from the Villa de Loa and was the legitimate son of Juan Sarmiento and María Sánchez. He was one of the primary conquerors of Nueva Galicia and he was also very rich. After Guadalajara was established, he built a house for his wife and children. One of his grandsons named Juan Fernández had two children with a third-degree relative, for which he was prosecuted by the Inquisition.
Diego Mendoza was Portuguese. He accompanied Coronado on his search for the Seven Cities of Cibola.
Juan Michel was also Portuguese. He was the son of Diego de San Martín and Elvira Ordóñez. He was one of the conquerors of Nueva Galica and was seriously wounded in the Mixtón Rebellion against the Spanish (1540-42). He was one of the first settlers of Guadalajara and his sister married another founder of the city, Diego Vásquez de Buendía.
Juan Muñoz was from Andalucía and was the son of Sebastián Muñoz and Beatriz Muñoz. He lived in Mexico City for some time, then he came to Guadalajara, where was a blacksmith, a dyer, and a wine merchant.
Pedro Murrieta was from Vizcaya.
Juan Ojeda was a Castellano. Originally from Santo Domingo de la Calzada, a municipio in La Rioja, in the north of Spain. He was the legitimate son of Gonzalo de Ojeda and María Samaniego. He arrived in Mexico in 1518 with the de Garay Expedition. He also assisted Guzmán in the conquest of Nueva Galicia.
Cristóbal Ordoñez was a Castellano and the legitimate son of the conquistador Diego de San Martín, who died in the conquest of Nueva Galicia, and of Elvira Ordóñez.
Diego Orozco was from Toledo and the legitimate son of Francisco de Orozco, a bailiff of the Inquisition, and of Leonor Cornejo. He was a cousin of Francisco Orozco, one of the conquerors of Oaxaca.
Antonio Pacheco was from Montejo (in Salamanca, España) and was the son of Francisco and Catalina Pacheco. He first went to Michoacán with Juan de Alvarado. Later, he took part in the pacification of New Galicia with Pedro de Alvarado, the well-known Conquistador. He was married to Beatriz de Castilleja, daughter of Pedro de Castilleja, one of the founders of Nueva Galicia.
Andrés Pereida was from Portugal.
Melchor Pérez de la Torre was from Extremadura and the son of the lawyer Diego de la Torre, the first Governor of Nueva Galicia, and of Catalina Mejía, natives of the Villa de la Torre in the county of Feria (in the present-day Province of Badajoz, Extremadura. Catalina Mejía was the daughter of Melchor Pérez and Francisca Jerez. From 1540 to 1542, Melchor Pérez accompanied and partially financed Francisco Vázquez de Coronado on his 4,000-mile search for the Seven Cities of Cibola. When Guadalajara was founded, he settled there with his wife, three daughters, his mother, and his sister, whom he supported until she married Hernando Flores.
Alonso Plasencia was from Sevilla in Castilla. He was the legitimate son of Alvaro de Plasencia and Constanza Hernández Oviendo. He accompanied Viceroy Mendoza in his conquest of Nueva Galicia and was one of the founders of Guadalajara.
Hernando Plasencia was from Montañes in northern España (now known as Cantabria). He was indebted to Alonso and Pedro for his surname. He had met them upon his arrival in Nueva Galicia.
Pedro Plasencia was from Sevila. A brother of Alonso, Pedro was the legitimate son of Alvaro de Plasencia and Constanza Hernández Oviendo. With his brother, he was one of the founders of the City of Guadalajara and served as its first alcalde (Mayor). He took part in putting down the Mixtón Rebellion in 1540-41, where he distinguished himself. He and his family established the very prolific Plasencia family in Guadalajara.
Diego Ramón was a native of the Villa de Destrera. It is believed that his real name was actually Diego Rayón, and he was the son of Pedro Gómez and María Hernández Montes de Oca. He first lived in Los Angeles [Puebla], where he was married to the daughter of Juan Pérez de Arteaga, one of the oldest conquerors of Nueva Galicia. He took part in the conquest of Jalisco with Nuño de Guzmán. When Guadalajara was established, he settled there with his sons and daughters.
Cristóbal Romero was originally from the Villa de Lucena in Andalucía (in southern Spain) and the legitimate son of Juan Romero and Leonor Gutiérrez. He was a conquistador of both Nueva España and Nueva Galicia, distinguishing himself in the Mixtón Rebellion. In return for his services, he was made an encomendero over several pueblos, including Yahualica. Cristóbal Romero has a very extensive biography in Generalidades Históricas Sobre La Fundación y Los Primeros Años de Guadalajara (1994, pp. 104-105).
Juan Saldívar was originally from Vizcaya. He was a nephew on his maternal side, of the conqueror of Nueva Galicia, Cristóbal de Oñate. He was the founder of Guadalajara and one of its first residents.
Juan Sánchez de Olea was from Andalucía in Spain. He is believed to have been the legitimate son of Pedro Sánchez de Olea and Inés de Belmonte. He was part of Panfilo de Narvaez's unfortunate expedition to Florida, after which he came to Nueva España. Later, he came to Nueva Galicia with the army of Nuño de Guzmán. Juan Sánchez de Olea has a very extensive biography in Generalidades Históricas Sobre La Fundación y Los Primeros Años de Guadalajara (1994, pp. 105-107).
Pedro Mejía Sánchez was originally from Toledo and was the son of Marcos Gómez and Inés Gómez. He accompanied Viceroy Mendoza in the pacification of Nueva Galicia, where he was seriously injured.
Pedro Sánchez was from Sevilla and was the legitimate son of Bartolomé Sánchez and Beatriz Vásquez. He accompanied Viceroy Mendoza in the pacification of Jalisco. His wife and children came over with him. When his wife died, he took the daughter of the Conquistador Francisco de Santo Domingo as his second wife.
Gaspar de Tapia was from the Villa de Arévalo in the province of Ávila (part of Castilla y León), about 70 miles northwest of Madrid. He was the son of Diego de Tapia and Inés Gutiérrez Altamirano, the cousin of Cortéz. He arrived in New Spain with his brother, who died in the service of the crown. He accompanied Nuno de Guzmán on the conquest of both Pánuco and Nueva Galica.
Francisco de Trejo was from Extremadura in Western Spain. He was the legitimate son of Hernando de Trejo and Isabel González. He accompanied Mendoza in the pacification of Nueva Galicia.
Juan Urbina was a Vizcaíno [a Basque], according to Mota Padilla. He originally came from Zuazo (Victoria) in northern Spain and was the legitimate son of Juan Ortiz de Guiluz and María de Urbina. He took part in the conquest of Jalisco with Nuño de Guzmán. Later, he established a home in Guadalajara for his Spanish wife and his three children.
Antonio Urrutia was from Vizcaya in Spain. He had another namesake who was also from Vizcaya and took on the double surname of Urrutia de Hermosillo to distinguish himself from this Antonio.
Diego Vásquez de Buendía was from Castilla and served as a “Capitán” of Nuño de Guzmán’s troops. He had a distinguished career in the army and became one of the earliest founders of Guadalajara and served as an encomendero of the several pueblos of Jalisco, as well as of Nochistlán [now in Zacatecas]. As an inhabitant of early Guadalajara, Vásquez de Buendía was the first settler to marry a Spanish woman who was also the sister of another founder, Juan Michel. He had three sons and four daughters.
Juan Vera was a Castellano. He was originally from Jerez de la Frontera, which is presently located in the present-day province of Cádiz in the southern tip of Spain. He was the legitimate son of Alonso de Vera and Catalina de Fuentes. He originally arrived in Mexico with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez. He assisted Viceroy Mendoza in the pacification of Nueva Galicia. In settling Guadalajara, Juan Vera brought his Spanish wife, one son, and two daughters.
Andrés Villanueva Riojano was originally from Laguna de Cameros in La Rioja which is located in the northcentral part of Spain (according to Mota Padilla). He was the legitimate son of Pedro de Villanueva and Juana Galva. He took part in the conquest of Michoacán and Jalisco as a lancer in the service of the army of Viceroy Mendoza. He became on of the richest men of Guadalajara and later served as Regidor (Councilor).
Lists of the Founders of Guadalajara
The list of founding inhabitants or vecinos (neighbors/residents) of the town is provided by the chronicler Fray Antonio Tello in his work: Cronica Miscelanea de la Sta Provincia de Jalisco (Miscellaneous Chronicle of the Holy Province of Xalisco) (Mexico, National Institute of Anthropology and History-Jalisciense Institute of Anthropology and History-University of Guadalajara, 1968, History Series no. 9, p. 227). Another source of information about the founders was provided by the chronicler Matías de la Mota Padilla, whose work was completed in 1742.
Bibliography
Baus de Czitrom, Carolyn. Tecuexes y Cocas: Dos Grupos de la Region Jalisco en el Siglo XVI (1992).
Carrillo Navarro, José Claudio, Anaya Corona, María del Rosario, and González Macías, Ricardo Antonio. Diagnóstico de la Población Indígena en el Primer Anillo del Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara. Universidad de Guadalajara: 2023.
Gerhard, Peter. The North Frontier of New Spain. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982.
Guadalajara: “La Ciudad de Las Rosas: El Barrio de Mexicaltzingo” (2004)
http://guadalajara.net/html/barrios/02.shtml.
Guadalajara: “La Ciudad de Las Rosas: Nuestra Fundación” (2004)
http://guadalajara.net/html/ciudad/11.shtml.
Jalisco Movamos, “Donde es el Area Metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG)” (2020). Online: https://jaliscocomovamos.org/donde-es-el-area-metropolitana-de-guadalajara/.
Nuestros Ranchos, “Fundadores de Guadalajara” (2011). Online:
https://test.nuestrosranchos.org/es/node/20141.
Muriá, José María and Olveda, Jaime, Generalidades Históricas Sobre La Fundación y Los Primeros Años de Guadalajara. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, 1991.
Ramírez Flores, José. Lenguas Indígenas de Jalisco Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno de Jalisco, 1980.